Connectome

• Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI): MRI technique measuring anisotropic diffusion of water molecules in white-matter to infer structural fiber pathways and construct structural connectivity graphs. ref: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.002

• High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging (HARDI): Extension of diffusion MRI sampling many gradient directions to resolve crossing fibers and improve tractography accuracy in structural connectome reconstruction. ref: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.042

• Diffusion Spectrum Imaging (DSI): Diffusion MRI method sampling the full diffusion displacement distribution to reconstruct complex white-matter fiber orientations for high-fidelity tractography. ref: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.016

• Resting-State Functional MRI (rs-fMRI): Uses correlations in spontaneous BOLD signal fluctuations between brain regions to estimate functional connectivity networks across the whole brain. ref: 10.1038/nrn2575

• Dynamic Functional Connectivity fMRI: Time-resolved analysis of BOLD correlations using sliding windows or state-space models to characterize temporal variability in brain network interactions. ref: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.013

• Electroencephalography (EEG) Connectivity Analysis: Measures scalp electrical potentials and estimates network interactions via coherence, phase-locking, Granger causality, or transfer entropy metrics. ref: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.020

• Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Source Connectivity: Detects magnetic fields generated by neuronal currents and reconstructs cortical sources to infer functional connectivity with millisecond temporal resolution. ref: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.020

• Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS): Optical imaging method using near-infrared light absorption changes in hemoglobin to estimate cortical hemodynamic connectivity in superficial brain regions. ref: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116287

• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation combined with EEG (TMS-EEG): Applies magnetic pulses to perturb cortical areas while EEG measures network responses to infer causal effective connectivity. ref: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.10.004

• Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound with Neuroimaging (LIFU-fMRI/EEG): Uses targeted ultrasound neuromodulation to perturb specific brain regions while imaging network responses to map causal connectivity. ref: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.021

• Optically Pumped Magnetometer MEG (OPM-MEG): Wearable magnetometer sensors detecting neuronal magnetic fields without cryogenic cooling, enabling mobile high-temporal-resolution functional connectivity mapping. ref: nature.com/articles/s41592-021-01108-3

• Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE): MRI method measuring propagation of mechanical waves through brain tissue to infer structural and microstructural connectivity properties related to axonal architecture. ref: 10.1002/mrm.28707

• Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) MRI Connectivity: Uses magnetically labeled arterial blood water as a tracer to measure regional cerebral blood flow correlations for functional network inference. ref: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.002

• Multimodal Connectomics (dMRI + fMRI + MEG integration): Computational fusion of structural and functional imaging modalities to estimate unified brain network models with improved inference of connectivity. ref: 10.1038/s41593-020-00719-y

• Graph-Theoretic Connectome Modeling: Computational framework representing brain regions as nodes and inferred connections as edges, enabling quantitative analysis of network topology and information flow. ref: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.002